The Freedmens Bureau - Agency to Assist Former Slaves

The Freedmens Bureau was created by the U.S. Congress near the end of the Civil War as an agency to deal with the enormous humanitarian crisis brought about by the war. Throughout the South, where most of the fighting had taken place, cities and towns were devastated. The economic system was virtually nonexistent, railroads had been destroyed, and farms had been neglected or destroyed. And four million recently freed slaves were faced with new realities of life. On March 3, 1865, the Congress created the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. Commonly known as the Freedmens Bureau, its original charter was for one year, though it was reorganized within the war department in July 1866. The Goals of the Freedmens Bureau The Freedmens Bureau was envisioned as an agency wielding enormous power over the South. An editorial in the New York Times published on February 9, 1865, when the original bill for the creation of the bureau was being introduced in Congress, said the proposed agency would be: ... a separate department, responsible alone to the President, and supported by military power from him, to take charge of the abandoned and forfeited lands of the rebels, settle them with freedmen, guard the interests of these latter, aid in adjusting wages, in enforcing contracts, and in protecting these unfortunate people from injustice, and securing them their liberty. The task before such an agency would be immense. The four million newly freed blacks in the South were mostly uneducated and illiterate (as a result of laws regulating slavery), and a major focus of the Freedmens Bureau would be setting up schools to educate former slaves. An emergency system of feeding the population was also an immediate problem, and food rations would be distributed to the starving. It has been estimated that the Freedmens Bureau distributed 21 million food rations, with five million being given to white southerners. The program of redistributing land, which was an original goal for the Freedmens Bureau was thwarted by presidential orders. The promise of Forty Acres and a Mule, which many freedmen believed they would receive from the U.S. government, went unfulfilled. General Oliver Otis Howard Was Commissioner of the Freedmens Bureau The man chose to head the Freemens Bureau, Union General Oliver Otis Howard, was a graduate of Bowdoin College in Maine as well as the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Howard had served throughout the Civil War, and lost his right arm in combat at the Battle of Fair Oaks, in Virginia, in 1862. While serving under Gen. Sherman during the famous March to the Sea in late 1864, Gen. Howard witnessed the many thousands of former slaves who followed Shermans troops on the advance through Georgia. Knowing of his concern for the freed slaves, President Lincoln had chosen him to be the first commissioner of the Freedmens Bureau (though Lincoln was assassinated before the job was officially offered). General Howard, who was 34 years old when he accepted the position at the Freedmens Bureau, got to work in the summer of 1865. He quickly organized the Freedmens Bureau into geographical divisions to oversee the various states. A U.S. Army officer of high rank was usually placed in charge of each division, and Howard was able to request personnel from the Army as needed. In that respect the Freedmens Bureau was a powerful entity, as its actions could be enforced by the U.S. Army, which still had a considerable presence in the South. The Freedmens Bureau Was Essentially the Government in the Defeated Confederacy When the Freedmens Bureau began operations, Howard and his officers had to essentially set up a new government in the states that had made up the Confederacy. At the time, there were no courts and virtually no law. With the backing of the U.S. Army, the Freedmens Bureau was generally successful in establishing order. However, in the late 1860s there were eruptions of lawlessness, with organized gangs, including the Ku Klux Klan, attacking blacks and whites affiliated with the Freedmens Bureau. In Gen. Howards autobiography, which he published in 1908, he devoted a chapter to the struggle against the Ku Klux Klan. Land Redistribution Did Not Happen As Intended One area in which the Freedmens Bureau did not live up to its mandate was in the area of distributing land to former slaves. Despite the rumors that families of freedmen would receive forty acres of land to farm, the lands which would have been distributed were instead returned to those who had owned the land before the Civil War by order of President Andrew Johnson. In Gen. Howards autobiography he described how he personally attended a meeting in Georgia in late 1865 at which he had to inform former slaves who had been settled onto farms that the land was being taken away from them. The failure to set former slaves up on their own farms condemned many of them to lives as impoverished sharecroppers. The Educational Programs of the Freedmens Bureau Were a Success A major focus of the Freedmens Bureau was the education of former slaves, and in that area it was generally considered a success. As many slaves had been forbidden to learn to read and write, there was a widespread need for literacy education. A number of charitable organizations set up schools, and the Freedmens Bureau even arranged for textbooks to be published. Despite incidents in which teachers were attacked and schools burned in the South, hundreds of schools were opened in the late 1860s and early 1870s. General Howard had a great interest in education, and in the late 1860s he helped to found Howard University in Washington, D.C., a historically black college which was named in his honor. Legacy of the Freedmens Bureau Most of the work of the Freedmens Bureau ended in 1869, except for its educational work, which continued until 1872. During its existence, the Freedmens Bureau was criticized for being an enforcement arm of the Radical Republicans in Congress. Virulent critics in the South condemned it constantly. And employees of the Freedmens Bureau were at times physically attacked and even murdered. Despite the criticism, the work the Freedmens Bureau accomplished, especially in its educational endeavors, was necessary, especially considering the dire situation of the South at the end of the war.

Importance Of Repository And Its Important Role Essay

Question no 1 In today’s world where digital is a vital important role, repository is also playing important role. In simple layman term, repository mean collecting, storing and archiving of important information but if we talk about institutional repository, it include all vital information relating to that institution, should be stored and archived. It may include the following †¢ All Student journal †¢ All researches and development †¢ All intellectual properties or copy rights †¢ All scholarly and culturally records †¢ All published work by Student or faculty of the institute †¢ All Legal and statutory document including approval, decisions and policies Stakeholder – For Institutional repository, stakeholder may include person who deposit the information and second one would be who is going to use that information. In most of the cases authorised representative of the institution, allowed to send or give information for repost or deposit with repository but users of the information may be different depending upon the requirement. It may be individual or corporate or even Govt Authority. Amount of Data - Depending upon the type of information, its data size may vary. In some on the case only few item to be stored but in majority of the cases data size would be huge. In case of any university, where student related information to be stored, data size may be very huge but if policy related or approval related information to be stored, data size would be small. Type ofShow MoreRelatedHow Security Design Patterns Are Important Tools For Secure Soft ware Engineering862 Words   |  4 Pagessecurity pattern describes a specific security problem which arises in a given context and provides a sound, time-tested solution for the problem (Schumacher, Fernandez-Buglioni, Hybertson, Buschmann, Sommerlad, 2006). 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Electrical Resistance Free Essays

JMJ MARIST BROTHERS NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY MARIST AVENUE, GENERAL SANTOS CITY MULTITESTER Instrumentation and Control CpE 511 NAME: KURT RUSSEL C. CHUASeptember 01, 2012 CYNTHIA C. GONZAGADate of Submission INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. We will write a custom essay sample on Electrical Resistance or any similar topic only for you Order Now JAY S. VILLAN, MEP-EE Introduction A multitester or multimeter is a device which can be used to gather data about electrical circuits. A basic multitester can measure resistance, voltage, and continuity; while more advanced versions may be able to provide additional data. This tool can be very useful to have around the house, and anyone who plans on doing electrical repairs should most definitely use a multitester for safety reasons. Multitesters can be used with the current off or on in most cases, although using the device with the current on can sometimes result in damage to the device. Theory Ammeters are employed for measuring current in a circuit and connected in series with the circuit. As ammeter is connected in series, the voltage drop across ammeter terminals should be as low as possible. This requires that the resistance of the ammeter should be as low as possible. The current coil of ammeter has low current carrying capacity whereas the current to be measured may be quite high. For this reason a low resistance is connected in parallel to the current coil. Voltmeters are employed to measure the potential difference across any two points of the circuit these are connected in the parallel to the circuit. The resistance of voltmeter is kept very high by connecting a high resistance in series of the voltmeter with the current coil of the instrument. The actual voltage drop across the current coil of the voltmeter is only a fraction of the total voltage applied across the voltmeter which is to be measured. An ohmmeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the resistance placed between its leads. The resistance reading is indicated through a mechanical meter movement which operates on electric current. The ohmmeter must then have an internal source of voltage to create the necessary current to operate the movement, and also have appropriate ranging resistors to allow just the right amount of current through the movement at any given resistance. One major problem with this design is its reliance upon a stable battery voltage for accurate resistance reading. If the battery voltage decreases, the ohmmeter scale will lose accuracy. Conclusion Aside from using devices such as  multitester, the resistance value of a  resistor can be determined by its color coding. There are small differences between measured and color coded values of the resistances. These differences may be caused by some factors such as the multitester used in the experiment and some mistakes made by the experimenters. It is much easier to read the resistance value of a resistor through a digital multitester than by using an analog multitester and by color coding. In addition, in using an analog multitester, you have to first consider the range of the resistance and make the zero-ohm adjustment in each and every reading. In that case, that is the only time you  can acquire the resistance value after a  slight inconvenient process. Pictorial Calculation For Ammeter: * 0. 25A R1=99mV0. 25A R1= 0. 96 ? * 25mA R2=99mV25mA-R1 R2= 3. 564 ? * 2. 5mA R3=99mV2. 5mA-R2-R1 R3= 35. 64 ? For DC Voltmeter: * 2. 5V R1=2. 5V49. 5 µA-Rm R1= 48, 505. 05051 ? * 10V R2=10V49. 5 µA-Rm-R1 R2= 151,515. 1515 ? * 50V R3=50V49. 5 µA-Rm-R1-R2 R3= 808,080. 8081 ? For AC Voltmeter: * 10V Im=49. 5 µA0. 637 Im= 77. 70800628 µA R1=1. 41410-1. 477. 70800628 µA-Rm R1=161,947. 0707 ? * 25V R2=1. 41425-1. 477. 70800628 µA-Rm R2= 434,891. 9192 ? * 250V R3=1. 414250-1. 477. 70800628 µA-Rm R3= 4,529,064. 646 ? How to cite Electrical Resistance, Essay examples

Moon Chem Case free essay sample

The vice-president of Moon Chem, a manufacturer of speciality chemicals would like to conduct a study on the policy of providing consignment inventory to its customers in the Midwest region. The aim of this study is to analyze different options for distribution available in the Peoria region and to conclude with the optimal distribution policy. Successful results following this study would allow the company to introduce the consignment inventory strategy nationwide. A careful study of the Peoria region identified small, medium and large customers in the region. Details of these customers and their consumption habits are shown in the following table: Customer Type Number of Customers Consumption (pounds per month) Small Medium Large 12 6 2 1000 5000 12000 The strategy which has been used until now includes sending full truckloads of 40. 000 pounds to each customer to replenish their consignement inventory. Each truck being used costs 400$ no matter how wether the truck is fully loaded or not. We will write a custom essay sample on Moon Chem Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now also multiple stops and drop-offs are being considered with basic costs of 350$ followed by costs of 50$ for each drop-off. To find out wether this solution would be cheaper costs of both options have to be compared. The current strategy of MoonChem is to send full truckloads to each customer to replenish their consignment inventory. The current annual cost of MoonChem’s strategy of sending full truckloads to each customer in the Peoria region to replenish consignment inventory is $156, 383. 33. Alternatives options were tested to identify what is the best alternative for MoonChem. The first option is that MoonChem delivers its product to his customers separately. The second option is that MoonChem jointly delivers its product to his customers. The third option is that MoonChem delivers its products jointly for a selected subset of products (Tailored Aggregation). The total annual cost for Option 1 is $21,441. 31. The total annual cost for Option 2 is $19,395. 88. Tailored Aggregation Option shows that the total annual cost is $24,877. 34. Therefore, our team recommends that Option 2 (Combined Orders) is the best option for MoonChem since it incurred the lowest annual cost. Its main disadvantage is that it is not selective enough in deciding what should be ordered together. Therefore, it is possible that some of MoonChems customers will not have enough chemicals in stock or will have too much in stock. The impact of our recommendation on consignment inventory for MoonChem is an improvement Factoring in the number of each class of costumers: $5,12012+$5,6006+$6,4402= Â §107,920 Truck 1 (small + large)= Truck 2 (medium)=

Effectiveness of Business Communication Listening

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Business Communicationfor Listening. Answer: Communication skill is an important tool in this day and age to excel in any discipline or field. The intricate skill of communication undoubtedly plays an important role in day-to-day activities in our lives. The interpersonal communication skills of listening, feedback and questioning are important to establish a clear and successful stream of communication. From the dawn of civilization, humans have always existed in groups and have had the capability to achieve a lot only with the help of clear communication. Ineffective communication creates a lot of misunderstandings and disturbance between two individuals or organizations. The communication skills of listening, feedback and questioning play the most pivotal role in establishing a clear and lucid communication stream. The outline of the essay includes the importance of listening, feedback and questioning in the sphere of business communication. These are the three fundamental columns on which interpersonal communication stand. Therefore, it is all the more important in the case of business communication. This essay will explore the benefits of these three interpersonal communication skills of listening, feedback and questioning in the field of business communication. Interpersonal communication is the exchange of information between two persons or a group of people; it is the fundamental pillar, which holds our society together. Listening, feedback and questioning are the three basic pillars of interpersonal communication skills. Listening is one of the most important requirements of a successful communication (Verma and Pande 2013). The ability to listen attentively and ardently is one of the core skills that is required in interpersonal communications. Listening demands much more than simply gathering facts; it requires noticing emotions that can underline the meaning of a message. It requires not just hearing but also responding. Therefore, in listening there is a higher level of interpersonal communication (Mojzisch et al. 2014). In business communication, like any other area, listening plays a major role in sharing of information between two parties, two or more individuals from within or even outside an organization and also between the company and the consumers. A successful business communication requires a constant flow of information between two or more individuals. In an organization, there are different levels of hierarchy, which are interlinked with each other. The task of managing the organization becomes increasingly difficult if there is a lack of clear communication. The greater the organization, the more difficult it gets to maintain and manage the organization (Alberts, Nakayama and Martin 2015). The skill of effective listening is a prerequisite in business communication. The interpersonal skill of listening is important as it helps to earn trust, gain information, maintain reputation, reduce conflict and motivate the employees. It is important in building and earning trust as in business communication, developing trust of the employees as well as the consumers is important to achieve success (Kaul 2014). Listening to whatever a coworker has to say about his strength or weakness is essential to understand the working or the operation of a company or a firm. Gaining information is crucial in business communication as by listening the management can make an informed choice about the company or the employees. Listening enables the company to acquire facts that can prove to be beneficial for the business. While hiring an employee, the HR should have a good and adequate listening skill so that he might choose and pick the candidate that is perfect for the job (DiSanza and Legge 2016). Maintaining reputation is another important aspect for which listening is required in business communication. If the management fails to connect with the employees and the consumers of the company, then the profit and the reputation are both at stake. If the company fails to listen to the grievance of the consumers, then the consumers might not receive the product or the service that they expected (Weger et al. 2014). When there is a repetition of this phenomenon, then the image of the company gets damaged. In business communication, listening is also important to reduce conflict. When a conflict arises within a company, the urgent requirement is to resolve the conflict, which is only possible by careful and a ttentive listening. Listening also plays a crucial role in motivating the employees. In a business set up, a manager can improve the moral and the productivity of an employee by listening and understanding the grievances of the employees. He can understand and grasp what aspect of the job the employees find daunting and which is rewarding. Without feedback, there can be no proper business communication. When the receiver of a communication responds and replies to the message or the information sent, it is called a feedback. The response of a receiver to the message of the sender is known as feedback. Feedback helps the sender to evaluate the perception and the reply of the receiver as well as the effectiveness of the message. In business communication, feedback is essential for maintaining a clear communication stream within the organization as well as between the consumers and the employees. According to Sabee 2016, the interpersonal communication skill of feedback plays a pivotal role in business communication. Feedback is the quintessence of interpersonal communication especially in business communication. It is a fundamental pillar in business communication as without it, a successful two-way communication is not possible. Two-way communication process requires attention to feedback from the receiver, as without it , the completion of the communication process is not possible. In a business set up, feedback from the consumers is necessary for the management to get a clear picture of how the product or the service is being received by the consumers (Sabee 2016). Feedback from the employees is also necessary to estimate whether the communication of the sender is useful or not. Depending on the feedback, the owners or the management of a company can make appropriate changes in the company. In a business organization, feedback is important as it helps in improving the relationship between labor and management (Cornelissen 2014). Questioning is one of the three pillars of successful interpersonal communication. Communication skills consist of effective questioning methods. Questioning in business communication is a prerequisite as without questioning, communication is impossible. It helps the management of the organization get a clear perspective about the workings and the operation of the company. It helps individuals to find answers to all the queries that may arise in a particular situation. Questions arise when an individual is trying to find a piece of information or a solution to a problem. It is a basic piece of tools that helps in the growth and development of individuals as well as a company (Miller 2014). It is essential to clarify doubts, to know the truth behind an incident and to gain knowledge. By asking the right questions, one can get the insight on what the other person is thinking. In businesses, questioning helps to enable the management to uncover and understand the need of the consumers. It helps to build a healthy rapport with the consumers. According to Subramanian 2013, the questioning ability of the management largely influences the profit level and the success of the company. It helps the management of an organization to reduce the mistakes, improve skills of negotiation, get cooperation from the employees, resolve conflicts within the workforce, work more effectively, delve more deeply into the feedback, and accumulate better information (Subramanian 2013). In this competitive world, businesses need to develop to achieve desired growth and be profitable. To achieve this, a clear communication is required amongst the employees of the company as well as with the consumers. Interpersonal communication skills of listening, feedback and questioning is required to achieve a lucid flow of communication, which is important for any business to be profitable. These three are the most fundamental aspects of interpersonal communication. Without these, there cannot be any form of communication in the world. These are the most important foundations on which the world stands today. Businesses, especially, depend a lot on these three pillars to be successful. Without the presence of listening, feedback and questioning, no business can be complete and successful. References: Alberts, J.K., Nakayama, T.K. and Martin, J.N., 2015.Human communication in society. Pearson. Cornelissen, J., 2014.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. DiSanza, James R., and Nancy J. Legge.Business and professional communication: Plans, processes, and performance. Pearson, 2016. Kaul, A., 2014.Effective business communication. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Miller, K., 2014.Organizational communication: Approaches and processes. Nelson Education. Mojzisch, A., Kerschreiter, R., Faulmller, N., Vogelgesang, F. and Schulz-Hardt, S., 2014. The consistency principle in interpersonal communication: Consequences of preference confirmation and disconfirmation in collective decision making.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,106(6), p.961. Sabee, C.M., 2016. Interpersonal Communication Skill/Competence.The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication. Subramanian, K. ed., 2013.Excellence in business communication. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Verma, D. and Pande, N., 2013. Exploratory Study of Most Critical Business Communication Skills In Contemporary Corporate India.International Journal of Management Information Technology,7(3), pp.1101-1109. Weger Jr, H., Castle Bell, G., Minei, E.M. and Robinson, M.C., 2014. The relative effectiveness of active listening in initial interactions.International Journal of Listening,28(1), pp.13-31.

Safety of recycled water for drinking

Introduction Water recycling is the process by which individuals harness, treat and reuse water for various purposes. It may occur through water reclamation. This involves the treatment of sewage effluent for domestic and commercial use. Alternatively, recycled water may come from storm water or rain water.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Safety of recycled water for drinking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Potable use is the human consumption of recycled water while planned reuse refers to deliberate treatment of wastewater for other uses. Recycled water holds a lot of promise in the field of agriculture and industry, but its application as a potable source is still quite contentious, limited and risky. Whether recycled water is safe for drinking The question of whether recycled water is safe for drinking is of high relevance to a discussion on water-borne diseases because raw waste water contains high amounts of faecal matter, so it takes a rigorous and fool proof method to eradicate all disease-causing pathogens in recycled waste water. Ashbolt (2004) explains that ingestion of unsafe drinking water transmits waterborne diseases. Usually, the water supply system of predisposed communities is susceptible to faecal contamination; over 1415 species of pathogens can be found in untreated waste water. Urine and faeces transmit these illnesses and may lead to severe complications or death. Typical examples include cholera, typhoid, gastroenteritis, infectious hepatitis, bacillary dysentery and amoeba, rotavirus, Escherichia Coli and Guardia Lamblia. Treatment of waste water may minimise certain pathogens, but in highly infected water, it is difficult to eliminate all of them. Furthermore, recycling methods need to correspond to the development of new water-borne diseases. Scientists must also be aware of the genetic evolution of pathogens, which may make conventional treatment methods inadequ ate. Chemicals may also threaten public health if present in recycled water. Conventional treatment may eliminate some chemicals, but could leave trace elements. Esposito et. al. (2005) affirm that the health effects of trace contaminants are still unclear at this point. Some organic compounds can disrupt hormonal systems even under extremely low concentrations. The international public health community is yet to create standards that would regulate treatment of waste water. Therefore, parties must use a multi-thronged approach which would require elimination of all the threats at different levels (Steyn et. al. 2004). This is not just painstaking; it may cause excessive use of municipal and government resources. Toze (2006) explains that membrane filtration is one of the few effective routes of treating wastewater for portable use. However, it is quite expensive and takes a long time to complete. Jimenez and Chavez (2004) underscore the need for rigor in the treatment of wastewater for domestic purposes.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They assert that one must follow the fate of all the pollutants in the effluent in order to ascertain that they are absent. Esposito et. al. (2005) also outline some of the processes that waste water must go through during treatment. Disinfection and filtration systems in combination with secondary water treatment are effective for removing a portion of pathogens. The resulting product would only be sufficient for irrigation or non potable use. On the other hand, ultrafiltration would minimise the risks associated with suspended particles. Sometimes certain pathogens are resistant to these processes. For instance, if one uses tertiary treatment on recycled water, one is likely to find viruses like cryptosporidium (Toze 2006). Elimination of chemicals is also essential in making recycled water safe for ingestion. It wo uld include the use of a series of treatments like nano-filtration, advanced oxidation as well as reverse osmosis. Ion exchange, biological degradation and chemical precipitation, are some synonyms of the above processes (Morud 2009). Owing to the complexity and diversity of disease-causing organisms and compounds in raw waste water, it is difficult to assure consumers of complete eradication of these pathogens in drinking water. A number of advocates claim that recycled water is safe for drinking because water supply for key cities still comes from downstream rivers, which contain sewage effluent. However, using such a justification would be replacing one ill with another. It is one thing for cities to source their water from downstream rivers, with possible sewage contaminants. On the other hand, when the concerned institution deliberately takes sewage effluent, then this increases the concentration of pathogens (DTI 14). It would increase the health risks of the population substa ntially when countries replace contaminated river water with sewage effluent. Toze (2006) states that the concentration of pathogens in raw water supply highly affects the risks associated with treated waste water. If these sources have a high concentration of pathogens, health risks would increase. The author further states that treatment methods in current use leave certain pathogens in waste water. Cities such as New York are already investing so much in the cleanup of their water supply systems or estuaries (Esposito et. al. 2005). Furthermore, public health officials suggest the placement of barriers as an effective method of protecting the masses form recycled water risks. One way would be preventing direct contact with contaminants. Therefore, it would almost retrogressive to use sewage effluent if it is already perceived as a health problem in many parts of the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Safety of recycled water for drinking specifically fo r you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Evidence from real-life cases is not sufficient to warrant consideration of recycled water for ingestion. Case studies on potable water reuse are few and hard to analyse. For instance, Anderson (2003) cites Orange County, in California, as one example. The county built a water reclamation plant that would treat water to drinking standard. Not only did it employ a series of aquifers, but it also injected the water under high pressure. After fifteen years of intensive work, the recycled water was still not used for drinking. Po et. al. (2003) also talks about the controversies involved in portable reuse. For instance, Singapore worked on a project known as NEWater. The government wanted the project to curb dependence on other countries for water supply. The Singaporean government even packaged the commodity in bottles such that the public could drink it conveniently. However, this plan did not work as few were willing to drink it. While the failure of the project failed due to public squeamishness towards the product, it still denied advocates of recycled water for potable use from having a tangible case study that could support their stand. Sometimes politics may come in the way of successful implementation of such projects. Scientific backing may exist to support the safety of a water reclamation project. However, if lobbyists and other political groups undermine the implementation of the scheme, then one cannot study the immediate and long term effects of ingesting recycled water. As a result, it is not possible to make conclusive statements about the project. Namibia is a recurrent case study in water recycling analyses. The city has been consuming recycled water from as far back as 1968. However, people rarely use recycled water directly in this country. Residents prefer blending the recycled water with conventional water. Sometimes the blend may be as high as 1:1 or may account for a quarte r of the system in use (Anderson 2003). Direct portable reuse is not widespread because it requires transportation of recycled water from treatment plants into people’s homes. The public and the scientific community are still not certain about the rigors of the treatment process. Therefore, many of them prefer to go for the indirect potable route (Marks et. al. 2006). If the pioneer of recycled water for potable use (Namibia) still cannot place all their confidence in reclaimed water, then one should question the plausibility of using the product for personal and human consumption. Conclusion Recycled water is not safe for drinking because of the health risks involved. Conventional treatment methods do not eliminate all microbes or chemical contaminants, and this could be dangerous. Additionally, few case studies exist to analyse the long term effect of 100% use (without blending) of recycled water among the masses.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, one cannot employ the method without support from conventional treatment systems. Finally, deliberate introduction of wastewater into water supply systems would increase the number of contaminants that require eradication, and this would pose a greater health risk than contaminated downstream water. Unless stakeholders eradicate these bottlenecks, then recycled water should not be treated as safe for drinking. References Anderson, J 2003 ‘The environmental benefits of water recycling and reuse’, Water Science and Technology, vol. 3 no. 4, pp. 1-10. Ashbolt, N 2004 ‘Microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions’, Technology, vol. 198 no. 3, pp. 229-238. DTI 200 ‘Water recycling and reuse in Singapore and Australia’, DTI Global Watch Mission Report, November, p. 1-79. Esposito, K, Tsuchihashi, R, Anderson, J Selstrom, J 2005, ‘The role of water reclamation in water resources management in t he 21st Century’, Water Environment, vol. 101 no. 4, 8621-8635. Jimenez, B Chavez, A 2004, ‘Quality assessment of potential use of an aquifer recharged with wastewater’, Water Science Technology, vol. 50 no. 2, pp. 269-76. Marks, J, Martin, B Zadoroznyi, M 2006, ‘Acceptance of water recycling in Australia: national baseline data’, Water, March, p. 152-159. Morud, J 2009, Reclamation and reuse of wastewater, IUP, Iowa. Po, M, Kaercher, D Nancarrow, B 2003, ‘Literature review of factors influencing public perceptions of water reuse’, CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report, vol. 54 no. 3, pp. 1-33. Steyn, M, Jagals, P Genthe, B 2004, ‘Assessment of microbial infection risks posed by ingestion of water during domestic water use and full contact recreation in a mid southern African region’, Water Science and Technology, vol. 50 no. 1, pp. 301-308. Toze, S 2006, ‘Water reuse and health risks-real vs. Perceived’, De salination, vol. 187 no. 8, pp. 41-51. This essay on Safety of recycled water for drinking was written and submitted by user Erin Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

THings fall apart achebe essays

THings fall apart achebe essays All the cultures in a bigger or smaller grade had always been under the possibility of colonization. Even today where there is a greater control and knowledge about the territories we still see some powerful country trying to colonize other. In the book by Chinua Achebe "Things Fall Apart" we see how the English people in the name of the Queen of England try to colonize small African villages. We been talking about colonization, but what is colonization? We can define colonization as the appropriation of lands that belong to someone else by force, and the introduction of the foreign culture to the one already existing there. In this book what Achebe wants to show us is that is possible to change a whole culture just by introducing a new one. If we analyze the book we see that the African village had its own structure and rules. Everyone in the village respected those rules even the most powerful men in the village. When Okonkwo shoots accidentally the old' s dead man daughter he has to leave the village, even thought he was one of the nine who run that village. There were no excuses, nor corruption, nor a way to escape, if someone did something wrong that someone have to pay no matter whom he was. He tries to show us how the original culture of the village was, how the women were treated and how men were in charge of everything. He shows us that the more you work and the more stronger you were the more important you were. We can see this very clear in the analogy of Okonkwo' s father and Okonkwo. His father hardly worked, he was not a strong man, and therefore he was not respected and owed lots of mone y to everyone in the village. On the other side Okonkwo was a warrior, hardworking man. Everyone in the village respected him and he was one of the wealthiest men also. This kind of culture and social life was very characteristic of African villages in colonization times. Achebe wants to show us how is that a culture can be changed...